Abstract
It is widely held that the EU suffers from a democratic deficit, but there is no agreement on the specific nature of this deficit. This paper starts by specifying the nature of the democratic-legitimacy problem facing the multilevel EU. Two dimensions, the institutional-constitutional, and the socio-cultural, are highlighted. Next, it discusses how the context of crisis has transformed the EU. The many crises and their handling have not only exacerbated but to a considerable degree also altered the democratic-legitimacy problems facing the EU. In order to best capture these changes, it is useful to apply several possible democratic decision-making configurations. These are presented and assessed in terms of how well they capture the present challenges facing the EU. The last part discusses specific reform options and what they may imply for the Union’s democratic deficit.
Paper prepared within the context of “Governing Europe”, a joint project led by the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) and Centro Studi sul Federalismo (CSF) of Turin in the framework of the strategic partnership with Compagnia di San Paolo, International Affairs Programme.
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John Erik Fossum
Democracy and Legitimacy in the EU: Challenges and Options
IAI Working Papers 16, February 2016