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Ellefsen, Rune & Sandberg, Sveinung
(2021).
Interrupting radicalization: The impact of family and peer-based vs. police-based intervention.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Sandberg, Sveinung
(2021).
Black Lives Matter: The role of emotions for mobilization and demobilization.
Vis sammendrag
In the spring of 2020, in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests shook the world. Spreading from the US, demonstrations diffused globally, especially to Europe, calling out all kinds of racism, particularly structural racism and that emanating from the police. Emotions ran high and were pivotal in igniting protests. The role of emotion in social movements has received renewed scholarly attention during the last two decades. It plays an important role at every stage of protest, but few studies have traced its part in individuals’ mobilization and demobilization over time. This study examines the role of emotion in trajectories of engagement and disengagement during the global wave of BLM protests. Based on retrospective in-depth interviews with 38 participants in BLM demonstrations in Norway, we identify the role of emotion before, during and after their participation. Our findings help explain how individual patterns of participation develop in the course of a wave of protest, and also provide insights into the consequences of the recent BLM protests in Europe.
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Ellefsen, Rune; Sjøen, Martin Meggele & Jämte, Jan
(2021).
Key dilemmas in the prevention of radicalization and violent extremism.
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Banafsheh, Azin & Ellefsen, Rune
(2021).
"Jævla terrorist!" Muslimhets og hverdagsmotstand.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Sandberg, Sveinung
(2021).
Black Lives Matter: The role of emotions for mobilization and demobilization.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2021).
The PhD Process and the Post-PhD Academic Job Hunt: Personal Experiences and Opinions.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2021).
The emergence of radicalization policing in Nordic countries.
Nordic Criminology Blog.
Vis sammendrag
The policing of radicalization has emerged as a new field of policy and policing in the Nordic countries during the last decade. It involves a fundamental shift in the societal response to individuals associated with radicalization or extremism.
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Jämte, Jan & Ellefsen, Rune
(2021).
Violent extremism is not a uniform phenomenon .
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Ellefsen, Rune & Sandberg, Sveinung
(2021).
Interrupting radicalization: The impacts of family, peer and police intervention.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2021).
The Dynamics of Restraint in the Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty Campaign.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Jämte, Jan
(2021).
Violent extremism is not a uniform phenomenon: The key differences in prevention of left-wing, right-wing, and Islamist extremism.
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Svenberg, Sebastian; Arnesen, Daniel; Kjellman, Kjell Erling; Mjøset, Lars; Ellefsen, Rune & Stykket, Anna
(2020).
Norway.
I de Moor, Joost; Uba, Katrin; Wahlström, Mattis; Wennerhag, Magnus & De Vydt, Michiel (Red.),
Protest for a future II: Composition, mobilization and motives of the participants in Fridays For Future climate protests on 20-27 September, 2019, in 19 cities around the world.
Södertörns högskola.
s. 177–185.
Vis sammendrag
In September 2019, the third Global Climate Strike organized by the Fridays For Future (FFF) protest campaign mobilized 6000 protest events in 185 countries and brought 7.6 million participants out onto the streets. This report analyses survey data about participants from 19 cities around the world and compares it to data from an international survey conducted in 13 European cities in March 2019. Both surveys collected data following the well-established “Caught in the Act of Protest” survey methodology in order to generate representative samples. What makes FFF new and particularly interesting is the involvement of schoolchildren and students as initiators, organizers and participants in climate activism on a large scale. The September mobilizations differed from the March events in the explicit call for adults to join the movement. Although older age cohorts were more strongly represented in September, young people continued to make up a substantial portion of the protestors – almost one third of demonstrators were aged 19 or under. Additionally, there was a high proportion of female FFF protestors. In both surveys nearly 60% of participants identified as female – with the largest share among the youngest demonstrators. Overwhelming majorities of adult participants were well educated and had a university degree. Moreover, a large proportion of young people participating in the September strikes had parents who had studied at university level. Despite the young age of the participants, interpersonal mobilization was the predominant method of recruitment to the strikes, particularly among friends and schoolmates. However, the growth in the size and popularity of the movement also includes a growing share of people who participate alone. Around a quarter of adults fit this category, as well as an initially small but growing number of young people. When expressing their emotions concerning climate change and global warming, the majority of protesters felt worried, frustrated and angered, as well as anxious about the future, although they did not often express a feeling of hopelessness. Therefore, despite a general tendency of decreasing hopefulness that important environmental issues can be addressed through policies, FFF participants show that their action is driven by feelings, awareness of the issues and a willingness to engage in finding solutions. In answer to a series of questions concerning solutions to environmental problems, respondents were divided over whether modern science could be relied on to solve environmental problems. Agreement varied between cities and age-groups on the degree to which they thought stopping climate change could be accomplished through voluntary individual lifestyle changes. However, there was more unity in skepticism towards relying on companies and the market to solve these problems. In conclusion, surveys of the strikes in March and September indicate important elements of continuity, as well as a small degree of change. Female participants and people with higher education predominate, interpersonal mobilization - particularly among friends - remains a 5 central factor in recruiting support, and protesters are mostly driven by feelings of frustration, anger and anxiety. However, the age of protestors is becoming more diverse, protesters’ hopefulness seems to be in decline, and the “Greta effect” is becoming less influential. The report findings suggest that the movement is becoming more established although its emotional basis for mobilization may be changing.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2020).
Differences in local prevention of left-wing, right-wing and Islamist extremism.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2020).
Opponent på NKVTS-seminar: Mental health issues in prevention of violent extremism.
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Ellefsen, Rune; Banafsheh, Azin & Jakobsen, Siw Ellen
(2020).
Hvordan møter unge muslimer hets?
[Internett].
Forskning.no.
Vis sammendrag
Hva gjør det med deg å jevnlig bli kalt «jævla terrorist» eller andre stygge ting? Flere av muslimene som er intervjuet i en ny undersøkelse har positive erfaringer med å møte den som hetser dem med vennlighet og dialog. Men denne strategien kan koste. Det er slitsomt å forsvare seg hele tiden.
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Banafsheh, Azin; Ellefsen, Rune & Sandberg, Sveinung
(2020).
Hvordan møter muslimer religiøs hets?
Dagbladet.
ISSN 0805-3766.
Vis sammendrag
Muslimfiendtlige holdninger og hets er utbredt i Norge, men hva vet vi om muslimers reaksjoner? Vår studie viser at muslimers måter å respondere på hets på kan beskytte deres egenverd og religiøse identitet. Det kan også begrense virkningen av hets.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Sandberg, Sveinung
(2020).
A repertoire of everyday resistance: How young Muslims' respond to anti-Muslim hostility.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Jan, Jämte
(2020).
Being labelled as “violent extremists”: The consequences of soft repression.
Right Now!.
Vis sammendrag
What are the consequences of being labeled as a “violent extremist”? How does labeling affect individual activists, their organizations, and the social movement they are part of? In a recent study, we show that labeling – and the associated stigma – affects different radical groups in different ways and that it sometimes fails to demobilize the primary targets of the repressive actions, that is, the most militant groups. Rather, the effects are most evident amongst organizations that mobilize inclusively and openly, using primarily conventional protest tactics. From this we highlight the potential “backfire effects” of labelling, as the most militant groups might be further radicalized by this form of soft repression.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2020).
Preventing radicalization and violent extremism in Norway: The emergence of a new field of policy and practice.
Vis sammendrag
The prevention of radicalization is an example of a "wicked problem": a problem which no single actor can handle alone, and which is almost impossible to solve. Throughout the last decade, Nordic governments have therefore imposed increased cooperation across state, private and civil society actors to strengthen the prevention of radicalization and violent extremism (PRVE). Collaborative PRVE efforts has involved the assignment of new responsibilities to schools, social and child care services, civil society organizations, religious societies, local communities and others - also involving the police and its secret service. PRVE has thus changed from primarily being a law enforcement issue, to become the shared responsibility of citizens, local communities and an array of state and private actors. A work logic have been established that centers around forestalling criminal extremist acts from ever happening. The implementation of these new responsibilities, collaborative practices and preemptive logics
have been crucial in creating what is currently a loose nation-wide structure and apparatus for PRVE in Norway. This paper traces the emergence of PRVE as a new policy field in Norway, provides a description of its characteristics and associated practices, while also discussing the
role of the police and security-orientation in multi-agency PRVE work.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2020).
The unintended consequenses of escalated repression: Tracing sequences of interrelated effects.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Skogvang, Stig Gøran
(2020).
Ekstremisme.
[Radio].
Radio Nova.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Busher, Joel
(2020).
The dynamics of restraint on violent escalation: the Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty case.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2020).
Hvordan unge muslimer opplever og reagerer på muslimhets.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Mohamed, Idil
(2020).
Kunnskapsoppsummering til Bufdir: "Å være unge muslim i Norge: hverdagstro, opplevelser av og reaksjoner på muslimhets".
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Kunnskapsoppsummering til Barne-, ungdoms- og familiedirektoratet i forbindelse med arbeidet med regjeringens handlingsplan mot diskriminering av og hat mot muslimer.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Jämte, Jan
(2019).
Understanding protest control in an era of “radicalisation” and “violent extremism”: A multi-aspect interactionist approach.
Vis sammendrag
Since the early 2000s, governments in many Western democracies have introduced policies
and practices to prevent radicalization and violent extremism (PRVE). This has led to the
formation of a new policy arena in which an increased number of actors are tasked with
responsibilities to prevent radicalisation and extremism, using a broad variety of repertoires.
The wide set of agents and methods employed, challenges the established knowledge and
analytical tools within research on repression of social movements. With this paper, we
suggest a way to conceptualize this development, to categorize the actors involved and
analyze their dynamic interaction. Drawing on the interactionist perspective, we show how
the interplay between actors in the PRVE arena can be understood and analyzed through a
focus on three main aspects: the causes, contents and consequences of protest control. To
demonstrate the different aspects of our approach, and to highlight underexplored issues in
repression research, we use empirical examples from our own studies of measures to prevent
and counter “extremist” milieus in the Nordic countries.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Jämte, Jan
(2019).
Being labeled as “violent extremists”: The effects of soft repression on individual, organizational and movement levels .
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2019).
Managing militant Islamism in Norway (2009-2019): A process-oriented perspective.
Vis sammendrag
This paper analyses how the management of militant Islamism changed in Norway between 2009 and 2019. These changes are examined in relation to developments in the militant Islamist milieu and the global Salafist-jihadist movement it was part of, together with key events at the national and international levels. The period is analyzed as an “episode of contention” that has five distinct phases, which followed the escalation and de-escalation of conflict between the militant Islamists and those tasked to manage them. Analysis also identifies key events that led the way to the establishment of a national structure and apparatus for monitoring and managing radicalization and violent extremism. The analysis draws on several qualitative data sources.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Jämte, Jan
(2019).
Being labeled as “violent extremists”: The effects of soft repression on individual, organizational and movement levels.
Vis sammendrag
This paper examines the effects of soft repression on social movement activists. By drawing on activists’ perceptions, we develop a multi-layered analytical framework that captures the experienced effects of soft repression at the individual, organizational and movement levels. Our results show that soft repression–in particular, labeling and stigmatization –primarily affect the individual level by triggering self-policing and self-control among activists. By introducing a model that incorporates several radical social movement organizations, we also show how labeling and stigmatization affect different radical groups indifferent ways, and sometimes fail to demobilize the primary targets of the repressive actions, that is, the most militant and clandestine groups. Instead, the de-mobilizing effects seem most evident in organizations that mobilize openly and inclusively. Our analysis is based on in-depth interviews with thirty-one activists from the radical left-libertarian movement (RLLM) in Sweden, most of which have been active in organizations labeled as “violence-affirming extremists” by the Swedish government.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2019).
Managing militant Islamism: A retrospective process-oriented perspective.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2019).
Managing militant islamism in Norway: A process-oriented perspective.
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Ellefsen, Rune; Gule, Lars & Høgestøl, Sofie A.E.
(2019).
Fremmedkrigere og terror.
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Jämte, Jan & Ellefsen, Rune
(2019).
Experiencing soft repression: Effects of applying the violent extremist label on radical-left activist groups.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Jämte, Jan
(2019).
Researching the hybridization of repression: Protest control in an era of Radicalization and “Violent extremism”.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2018).
Facing repression with silence: How cultural dynamics impact protestors’ perceptions of – and responses – to repression.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2018).
The relational dynamics and consequences of radical flank effects.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2018).
Facing repression with silence: How a movement’s cultural dynamics affect responses – and resilience – to repression.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2018).
Countering violent extremism in the Nordic countries: Learning from experiences in Norwegian and Swedish municipalities.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2018).
The protest-repression nexus: How movement-internal cultural dynamics affect responses to repression
.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2018).
Unintended consequences of escalating counter-extremism policing: The development of a multi-levelled response to "animal rights extremism" in Britain (1999-2014).
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Ellefsen, Rune & Ystehede, Per Jørgen
(2018).
Fortsatt aktuell etter 50 år.
[Internett].
Institutt for kriminologi og rettssosiologi sin nettside.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2018).
The unintended consequences of escalated protest policing: Tracing trajectories of interrelated effects.
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Ellefsen, Rune; Ystehede, Per Jørgen & Kanestrøm, Jorunn
(2018).
Kontrollen med ulovlige protestaksjoner tar stadig nye former.
[Internett].
Det juridiske fakultetet.
Vis sammendrag
Ulovlige protestaksjoner kan utløse kontrolltiltak som begrenser mulighetene for å aksjonere lovlig, fordi kreative kontrolltiltak fra myndighetene har uforutsette konsekvenser, viser ny forskning.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2018).
Relational dynamics of protest and protest
policing.
European Group for the Study of Deviance and Social Control, News Letter.
s. 4–8.
Vis sammendrag
All states seek to control protest and dissent in their population, but the ways in which control is exercised vary greatly across time and place (Waddington 1998: 117). Protest movements also push the limits of what is lawful and acceptable by employing innovative tactics, which sometimes take police and protest targets by surprise. When innovative protestors challenge the law – or operate on its very edge – while also resisting dialogue with the police, they are likely to be perceived as ‘troublesome’. Responses to ‘troublesome’ protestors differ, and involve dynamics fundamentally different from those applied against those who are perceived as ‘peaceful’. The policing of ‘troublesome’ protest frequently involves more than the public order police. It can include special units tasked to counter ‘domestic extremism’1 and even terrorism, it can involve the intelligence services, the prosecution services, the courts, the probation service, and even private corporate actors (see e.g., Joyce 2016). It is this relationship, between these agents of plural policing and ‘troublesome’ (transgressive) campaigners, that my dissertation of 2018 “Performing and policing transgressive protest: A relational approach to the SHAC-HLS conflict in Britain (1999–2014)” examines. The relationship is explored empirically by studying the conflict between Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) and Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) in Britain and beyond, together with the business partners of HLS, the British government and criminal justice agencies. The analysis follows the entire life cycle of the conflict – from the birth of SHAC in 1999 to its final dissolution in 2014.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Sollund, Ragnhild
(2017).
Samtale om egen forskning: Mennesker og andre dyr – Makt, protest, endring.
Vis sammendrag
I forbindelse med utstillingen Pyramide inviterer Boa til en samtale mellom Rune Ellefsen og Ragnhild Sollund, begge forskere innenfor temaer som berører dyrs stilling i samfunnet – handel med truede dyrearter, grønn kriminologi, dyrevelferdsloven og protestbevegelser.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2017).
Plural policing of "domestic extremism".
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2017).
Unintended consequences of policing ‘domestic extremism’: The SHAC-HLS conflict in Britain (1999-2014).
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2017).
Sosiale bevegelser og konflikter om miljøkriminalitet.
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Olerud, Maria Birkeland & Ellefsen, Rune
(2016).
Latinamerikanske land dreper flest aktivister.
[Tidsskrift].
Latin-Amerika #2, Årgang 21, Oktober 2016.
Vis sammendrag
På statistikktoppen troner Brasil med 50 drepte aktivister, Filippinene med 33 drepte, og Colombia og Peru med henholdsvis 26 og 12 drepte aktivister. Det melder organisasjonen Global Witness. Demonstranter som protesterer mot gruveutbygging, eksportjordbruk, vannkraft og hogst er mest utsatt, skriver organisasjonen i rapporten On dangerous ground.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2016).
Relational dynamics of protest and repression: The tactical interplay between SHAC and its adversaries.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2016).
Dynamics of mobilization and repression: The rise and fall of the global SHAC campaign.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2016).
The Radical Flank Dilemma: Contradictory Effects of the Underground's Participation in the International SHAC Campaign.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2015).
Social movements and conflicts over species (in)justice.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2015).
Social movements in green criminology: Studying dynamics of protest and repression in a conflict over animal experiments.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2015).
Sosiale bevegelser og konflikter om
”miljøkriminalitet”.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2015).
A Cycle of Protest and Repression: The Rise and Fall of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2014).
Introduksjon og kommentar til dokumentarfilmen Ghosts in Our Machine.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2014).
Understanding Political Repression of a Social Movement: A Theoretical Explication with Empirical Underpinnings.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2014).
Mat og dyrevern: Myter og realiteter.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Vinding, Joh
(2014).
Med lov til at pine.
[Avis].
Animas medlemsblad.
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Ellefsen, Rune & Myrtveit, Aase Cathrine
(2014).
Verdibørsen: Om boken 'Med lov til å pine'.
[Radio].
NRK P2.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2013).
Forskningspørsmål og -design i stipendiatprosjektet.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2013).
Governing the SHAC Campaign: Counter-strategies Towards Contentious Anti-vivisectionists in the UK.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2013).
Mattilsynet og kravet om ny dyrevernetat.
Dyrenes Stemme.
s. 10–11.
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Ellefsen, Rune; Hovdegård, Fredrik & Vikebø, Thea
(2013).
Intervju om boken "Med lov til å pine".
[Radio].
Radio Nova: Skumma kultur.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2013).
Med lov til å pine.
Dyrenes forsvarer.
s. 18–19.
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Ellefsen, Rune
(2018).
Performing and policing transgressive protest: A relational approach to the SHAC-HLS conflict in Britain (1999–2014).
University of Oslo, Faculty of Law.
ISSN 1890-2375.
Vis sammendrag
This dissertation explores the reciprocal relationship between transgressive protest and the plural policing of such protest. It explicates how and why practices of protest and policing are employed and developed over time, through sequences of interactions between protestors and agents of policing. This is done by a case study of the conflict between Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) and their main opponent, the Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty SHAC) campaign in Britain (1999-2014), which also involved the government and criminal justice agencies. SHAC’s innovative combination of lawful and unlawful protest tactics had a devastating effect on HLS. The level of SHAC’s impact is reflected in the wave of government and policing measures introduced to tackle the campaign. The relations and interactions between the key players in
the conflict (protestors, private business actors and various state agencies) are analyzed along different dimensions. The dissertation thus answers its overarching problematic: how and why do the key players relate, respond and adapt to each other’s actions and tactics throughout the conflict – and with what consequences?