This article was translated by UiO:GPT Version 4
Shortly after Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24 two years ago, Michael Gentile was on location at the border, helping the family of one of his PhD students to flee. At the same time, the PhD student who remained in Ukraine asked for guidance. He got it.
"We had a long Zoom call where we discussed statistical models. It was dark in the countryside of the Kyiv region, where he was staying because of the attacks. So, the PhD student sat there in the darkness. Only the screen lit up his face. I asked him how he could concentrate on his doctoral thesis amidst the drama of war. The PhD student answered that concentration helped to block out the war", says Gentile.
It’s noteworthy that the student finished his doctorate a little over a year ago.
Michael Gentile sits in his office at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography at Blindern. He speaks quickly and a lot, gesturing with his arms. Both seriousness and laughter come easily. The Ukraine researcher is originally Italian, speaks Swedish after many years in Sweden, is proficient in Russian, and is trying to learn Ukrainian.
Research put on hold
The social geographer has had Ukraine as his field of research for 15 years. His attention revolves around questions of how the country and everyone he knows there are faring at all hours of the day.
"Since the beginning of the invasion, my research has been in a kind of state of emergency. I had many projects and plans that have not been feasible", he says.
Gentile has been involved in several major research projects in Ukraine. It started with public health. Gradually, the research has focused more on geopolitical and foreign policy preferences and urban geopolitics. He led, among other things, a project supported by the Research Council: "Ukrainian geopolitical fault-line cities: urban identities, geopolitics, and urban policy."
"It has been interesting to see how disinformation spreads"
In the years before the invasion, the Ukraine researcher became increasingly concerned with the effects of disinformation and the propensity to believe in conspiracy theories, especially in the eastern parts of Ukraine, which have been most exposed to Russian influence and propaganda.
"It has been interesting to see how disinformation spreads. One can observe that various types of misinformation are spread locally, alongside the big false narratives that Russia has disseminated."
Through a study in collaboration with the Swedish Ukraine researcher Martin Kragh, Michael Gentile showed that "the conspiracy theory-driven propaganda weapon Russia used against Ukraine increased drastically in efficiency after the (rigged) presidential election in Belarus 2020."
"The study was limited to the population of Mariupol, but it is interesting since Mariupol proved to be one of Russia's most important long-term targets", Gentile says laconically, glancing at today's Mariupol, which is an occupied ruin.
There’s a knock on the door of the professor. An Armenian PhD student, Armine Bagiyan, pokes her head in. Under Gentile's guidance, she will soon defend on a Ukraine-related topic, where she compares regime changes and city life in Ukraine and Armenia.
Another PhD student, of Ukrainian origin, whom Gentile also supervised at the institute, unfortunately had to suspend her studies due to lack of funding.
Visits Ukraine regularly to maintain legitimacy
Michael Gentile has had the north-eastern Ukraine, including Kharkiv, and also the south-eastern, including Mariupol, as research fields. He has visited war-torn Kharkiv several times after the invasion and also Izium, which he plans to closely follow in the future. Mariupol is now not possible to travel to.
Since the Russian invasion, Gentile has visited Kyiv several times and now considers the city his new base. Life in Kyiv – including the academic life – for the most part, continues as usual, according to him. It was in the early stages that many academics and others fled the city, if not the country, then to the western part of Ukraine.
However, many returned quite soon after Russia was pushed away from the region. The situation, according to Gentile, became much better after a relatively good air defense system was put in place.
"Within a couple of minutes, a populated, lively street was completely empty. It was like a switch was turned off."
Lviv in western Ukraine, which the professor had not previously visited, has also become a new gateway for him into Ukraine. He visited Lviv for the first time in October 2022.
"That was when the Russians attacked, so it was "perfect timing," he says ironically.
He had never experienced such a bombardment - and nor had the residents of Lviv.
"When the alarm went off, the crowd did not react at first, but then we heard the explosions. It was a massive attack. Within a couple of minutes, a populated, lively street was completely empty. It was like a switch was turned off."
Gentile was in Lviv with another PhD student he was supervising.
"She had just gotten away from a bombarded Mariupol not long before. She immediately went into "now we must act" mode. There was no choice but to find a shelter. It wasn't hard to see in her eyes what she was thinking: "Not again!"
You cannot interrupt your life nine times a day
Through several visits to Ukraine, particularly in areas most affected by the war, Gentile has witnessed his colleagues and the general public eventually ignore the air raid alarms.
"I was in Kharkiv this summer. One day, the air raid alarm went off eight or nine times. You can't stop nine times every day to seek a bomb shelter, where you might have to stay up to an hour. You cannot interrupt your life nine times a day, especially when it often involves vague warnings of an attack that can occur anywhere", he says.
"If one is to know what they are talking about at all, as a Ukraine expert, they must follow the conflict as closely as possible."
– Why do you expose yourself to danger by going to Ukraine under the current conditions?
"I have a much larger network of research colleagues in Ukraine than in Norway and an active research practice there, even though it has had to be significantly adjusted after the invasion. In addition, it's about legitimacy", Gentile explains.
"When I cannot do systematic and planned fieldwork, I must at least be able to maintain contact with colleagues and do "ad hoc" fieldwork and lay out a new research strategy. If one is to know what they are talking about at all, as a Ukraine expert, they must follow the conflict as closely as possible."
Gentile criticizes researchers who speak about Ukraine without knowing the country well.
"I find that problematic. I don't want to be that kind of armchair expert."
The lessons from Covid have been beneficial for academia
Life is, due to the war, obviously turned upside down in many places in Ukraine. At the same time, most people try to maintain daily life, according to the Ukraine researcher.
"The lessons learned from the Covid pandemic have made it possible for much of both research collaboration and teaching to continue digitally, for better or worse", Gentile emphasizes.
Many female students, whether they are internally displaced or have fled the country, thus follow their lectures online with their regular instructors. The same goes for the many female students who have not fled – in addition to the male students, who have remained in the country, since they cannot travel out.
"It is the adult men who should triumph over the Russians, while the youth educate themselves."
However, the male students are, so far, shielded from being mobilized in the army, unless they themselves ask to be enlisted, according to Gentile.
The desire to give the new generation a future, where they are equipped to rebuild a liberated Ukraine, stands strong. It is the adult men who should triumph over the Russians, while the youth educate themselves. And the will to fight is strong, as the Ukraine researcher sees it.
"We keep hearing that pessimism is spreading among the Ukrainian population after nearly two years of Russian invasion and colossal losses. And there is some truth in that. Particularly because the willingness to contribute – especially from the USA – is now more uncertain. But just because pessimism is spreading, it does not mean that the fighting spirit is less. Quite the contrary", Gentile believes.
"Ukrainians have learned from history that the Russians do not give up, and if this generation of Ukrainians gives up the fight, then the next generation just inherits the same problem, so the will to fight is strong."
Gentile has noticed that several of his researcher colleagues in Ukraine have some of the same strategies as the PhD student he supervised in the dark early after the invasion.
"They focus on academia, in our case on socio-geographic themes: urban development and local governance. When we talk about research-related themes, it's almost as if the war doesn't exist. I think that the war permeates everything. But those who live amidst it every day need both a break from the war: In addition, they actually need to continue their research. It is their job, after all", he says.
However, Gentile points out that no one is alike and that everyone has different conditions. Some want to talk about the war to a much greater extent than others.
"Everyone has different strategies and is also affected to varying degrees. The head of the geographical institute in Kharkiv has been subjected to bombardments both at his home and at the institute. Then the war becomes very concrete."
Using the Ukrainian language to show resistance
In eastern Ukraine, Russian has traditionally been the dominant language. In Kyiv, people mainly spoke Russian until 2014, but since then Ukrainian has increasingly taken over.
"The straw that broke the camel's back was probably when Putin said he would protect all Russian speakers. And the residents of Kyiv wanted no part of that kind of protection. So since many were proficient in both languages, those who had the opportunity chose Ukrainian. And although Russian is still spoken privately, the "street" or "outdoor" language is Ukrainian", tells Gentile.
He finds it fascinating that it is possible to switch the main language so quickly.
Gentile also says that the majority of Kharkiv's residents were traditionally friendly towards Russia.
"They had never believed that Russia would attack them and devastate the city center with its historic buildings. That was a serious wake-up call for the residents of Kharkiv."
Researchers with international contacts fare best
Gentile has observed that the war, in a way, has divided Ukrainian academics into two different strata.
""Everyone" wants to include Ukrainians in various contexts, on Zoom conferences and elsewhere."
"There are researchers who have become more active and sought after post-invasion and then there are researchers where the status quo prevails. The most successful ones often have good language skills and access to important international networks", he says.
"Right now, Ukraine is in high demand. "Everyone" wants to include Ukrainians in various contexts, on Zoom conferences and elsewhere. There has been a form of polarization between those who have contacts and are included in international discussions – and those who do not have this access."
He sees it as positive that some researchers now reach a wider audience, but also recognizes the danger of creating an A and B team in the long run, where only the A-team is heard.
"Therefore, it is important to be aware of this and to establish contacts with more researchers in Ukraine, not just the A-team."
As a Ukraine researcher, Michael Gentile has developed an overriding interest since the Russian invasion.
"The only thing that interests me is understanding the war and its causes, what effect it has on the population - both the parts of Ukraine that have been subject to occupation, and those that hopefully never will be", says the socio-geographer.
He looks forward to the end of the war and will then closely follow how things are going - for instance, in Izium in the northeast, which was under Russian control for six months until it was liberated in September 2022.
"It is not only physical reconstruction that is needed, but also rebuilding a society where some have been collaborators and others have fought against the Russians. Izium was a city with barely 50,000 inhabitants. Now there maybe 10,000 left. I hope to be able to follow the reconstruction there before long", says Michael Gentile.