Unpacking the modern working class: Life chances, social cohesion and recognition in an age of migration

• Flemmen, Magne & Savage, Mike (2017). The politics of nationalism and white racism in the UK. British Journal of Sociology.  ISSN 0007-1315.  68, s S233- S264 . doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12311
• Jarness, Vegard & Flemmen, Magne (2017). A Struggle on Two Fronts: Boundary Drawing in the Lower Region of the Social Space and the Symbolic Market for 'Down-to-Earthness'. British Journal of Sociology.  ISSN 0007-1315. . doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12345
• Schmitz, Andreas; Flemmen, Magne & Rosenlund, Lennart (2017). Social Class, Symbolic Domination, and Angst - The Example of the Norwegian Social Space. Sociological Review.  ISSN 0038-0261. . doi: 10.1177/0038026117738924

• Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Hvordan skape en arbeidskar. In Ljunggren, Jørn & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (Ed.), Arbeiderklassen. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202646240. p. 199–214.
• Helland, Håvard & Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Arbeidere og yrkesstatus i Likhets-Norge. In Ljunggren, Jørn & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (Ed.), Arbeiderklassen. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202646240. p. 293–312.
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli & Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Arbeiderklassen i Norge - definisjon, sammensetning og endring. In Ljunggren, Jørn & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (Ed.), Arbeiderklassen. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202646240. p. 37–62.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Å åpne opp arbeiderklassen. In Ljunggren, Jørn & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (Ed.), Arbeiderklassen. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202646240. p. 19–36.
• Andersen, Patrick Lie & Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Tillitsfulle vinnere? Klasseforskjeller i tillit blant osloungdom. In Ljunggren, Jørn & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (Ed.), Arbeiderklassen. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202646240. p. 413–432.
• Orupabo, Julia (2021). Hverdagsmotstand: den skjulte kampen om anerkjennelse. In Ljunggren, Jørn & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (Ed.), Arbeiderklassen. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202646240. p. 257–271.
• Eide, Elisabeth & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2021). Arbeidsliv, arbeidsfolk og klasse i norske aviser. In Ljunggren, Jørn & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (Ed.), Arbeiderklassen. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202646240. p. 331–352.
• Orupabo, Julia (2021). Enacting efficient care within a context of rationalisation. Sociological Review. ISSN 0038-0261. doi: 10.1177/00380261211052390. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Scholars have described how care cannot be completely commodified or withdrawn because it is a disposition anchored in the commitment to the needs of others. This article advances the literature on care ethics and inequality by examining how care workers resist and negotiate the rationalisation of care work. Building on ethnographic fieldwork on auxiliary nurses in Norwegian nursing homes, the study shows that despite care workers facing increasingly rationalised forms of control, they continue to act out of the caring self, which centres on the desire to give meaningful care. However, by addressing how power differences and ethnic stratification between workers influence their strategies of coping and resistance, the findings also illustrate how the most vulnerable care workers respond to rationalisation by providing efficient care – that is, careless care – to their patients. Drawing from alternative perspectives on care work as ambivalent work, the study’s main theoretical contribution is to offer insight into how precarious work contexts may pose a threat to the caring self, especially when inequalities exist between care workers.

• Figenschou, Tine Ustad; Eide, Elisabeth & Nilsen, Ruth Einervoll (2021). Investigations of a journalistic blind spot: Class, constructors, and carers in Norwegian media. Nordicom Review. ISSN 1403-1108. 42(3), p. 71–87. doi: 10.2478/nor-2021-0027.
• Halvorsen, Pål & Ljunggren, Jørn (2020). A new generation of business masculinity? Privileged high school boys in a gender egalitarian context. Gender and Education. ISSN 0954-0253. 33(5), p. 499–513 . doi: 10.1080/09540253.2020.1792845. Full text in Research Archive
• Jarness, Vegard & Flemmen, Magne (2019). A struggle on two fronts: boundary drawing in the lower region of the social space and the symbolic market for ‘down‐to‐earthness. British Journal of Sociology. ISSN 0007-1315. 70(1), p. 166–189. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12345. Show summary

  In this article we use qualitative interviews to examine how Norwegians possessing low volumes of cultural and economic capital demarcate themselves symbolically from the lifestyles of those above and below them in social space. In downward boundary drawing, a range of types of people are regarded as inferior because of perceived moral and aesthetic deficiencies. In upward boundary drawing, anti-elitist sentiments are strong: people practising resourcedemanding lifestyles are viewed as harbouring ‘snobbish’ and ‘elitist’ attitudes. However, our analysis suggests that contemporary forms of anti-elitism are far from absolute, as symbolic expressions of privilege are markedly less challenged if they are parcelled in a ‘down-to-earth’ attitude. Previous studies have shown attempts by the privileged to downplay differences in cross-class encounters, accompanied by displays of openness and down-to-earthness. Our findings suggest that there is in fact a symbolic ‘market’ for such performances in the lower region of social space. This cross-class sympathy, we argue, helps naturalize, and thereby legitimize, class inequalities. The implications of this finding are outlined with reference to current scholarly debates about politics and populism, status and recognition and intersections between class and gender in the structuring of social inequalities. The article also contributes key methodological insights into the mapping of symbolic boundaries. Challenging Lamont’s influential framework, we demonstrate that there is a need for a more complex analytical strategy rather than simply measuring the ‘relative salience’ of various boundaries in terms of their occurrence in qualitative interview data. In distinguishing analytically between usurpationary and exclusionary boundary strategies, we show that moral boundaries in particular can take on qualitatively different forms and that subtypes of boundaries are sometimes so tightly intertwined that separating them to measure their relative salience would neglect the complex ways in which they combine to engender both aversion to and sympathies for others.

• Orupabo, Julia & Nadim, Marjan (2019). Men doing women's dirty work: Desegregation, immigrants and employer preferences in the cleaning industry in Norway. Gender, Work & Organization. ISSN 0968-6673. 27, p. 347–361. doi: 10.1111/gwao.12378. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The literature on gender desegregation has documented the gendered nature of employment hierarchies and opportunities, but less work has examined how the influx of immigrants in the labour market might affect employment hierarchies and gender segregation. This study examines employers' perceptions of ‘the suitable cleaner' — a traditionally female-dominated occupation that has received a substantial number of male immigrant workers. Departing from the notion that men in female-dominated occupations are advantaged by a ‘glass escalator' effect, we analyse how employer preferences position different categories of workers as hireable. Building on interviews with employers in the Norwegian cleaning industry, the study demonstrates how three different but intertwined logics define employer preferences: effectivity demands, professionalization and devaluation. While the first logic favours men as workers and the second devalues ‘female' competence, opening the occupation for men, the third logic favours immigrants, combined positioning immigrant men on top of the hierarchy of suitability.

• Jarness, Vegard; Flemmen, Magne & Rosenlund, Lennart (2019). From Class Politics to Classed Politics. Sociology. ISSN 0038-0385. 53(5), p. 879–899. doi: 10.1177/0038038519838740. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Questions of political conflict have always been central to class analysis; changing political fault lines were a key argument in the debates about the ‘death of class’. The ensuing ‘cultural turn’ in class analysis has shown how class continues to shape lives and experience, though often in new ways. In this article, we bring this mode of analysis to the political domain by unpacking how a multidimensional concept of class – based on the ideas of Bourdieu – can help make sense of contemporary political divisions. We demonstrate that there is a homological relation between the social space and the political space: pronounced political divisions between ‘old’ politics related to economic issues and ‘new’ politics related to ‘post-material values’ follow the volume and composition of capital. Importantly, the left/right divide seems more clearly related to the divide between cultural and economic capital than to the class hierarchy itself.

• Flemmen, Magne; Jarness, Vegard & Rosenlund, Lennart (2018). Class and status: on the misconstrual of the conceptual distinction and a neo-Bourdieusian alternative. British Journal of Sociology. ISSN 0007-1315. 0(0), p. 1–51. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12508. Show summary

  In this article, we address the classical debate about the relationship between the economic and cultural aspects of social stratification, typically cast in terms of Weber’s distinction between class and status. We discuss in particular Chan and Goldthorpe’s influential, yet largely unchallenged, attempt to reinstate a strict version of the class‐status distinction, mounted as an attack on ‘Bourdieusian’ accounts. We argue that this is unconvincing in two respects: There are fundamental problems with their conceptualization of status, producing a peculiar account where one expression of status honour explains the other; in addition, their portrayal of the Bourdieusian approach as one‐dimensional is highly questionable. In contradiction of a reading of Bourdieu as discarding the class‐status distinction, we develop an alternative, neo‐Bourdieusian account that recognizes class and status as distinct aspects of stratification, thereby allowing for a subtle analysis of their empirical entwinement. The fruitfulness of this approach is demonstrated by analysing the homology between the space of lifestyles and the social space through Multiple Correspondence Analysis of unusually rich data about lifestyles. Importantly, we highlight the relative autonomy of these spaces: Although they exhibit a similar structure, they do not overlap completely.

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• Ljunggren, Jørn & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2021). Arbeiderklassen. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISBN 9788202646240. 494 p.

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• Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Er den norske arbeiderklassen blitt konservativ?
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Den norske arbeiderklassen.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Hvem er den norske arbeiderklassen.
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2021). The Working Class and Social Inequality in the 21st Century: Marianne Nordli Hansen & Mike Savage - Institutt for sosiologi og samfunnsgeografi (ISS) (uio.no).
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Arbeiderklassegutter.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Jernrosaforedraget 2021.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Fattige og ulikhetsutvikling i Norge de siste 40 årene.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Den norske arbeiderklassen.
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2021). The Working Class and Social Inequality in the 21st Century: Wendy Bottero & Shamus Khan.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Arbeiderklassen.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2021). Er publikum kunstens nødvendige onde?
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2020). Hvilken status har arbeidermannen i dagens Norge? Kilden kjønnsforskning.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2020). Det "nye" arbeidslivet. Norsk sosiologisk tidsskrift. ISSN 2535-2512. 4(1), p. 51–57.
• Figenschou, Tine Ustad; Eide, Elisabeth & Einervoll Nilsen, Ruth (2020). Investigations of a journalistic blind spot: Class, construction and carers in Norwegian media.
• Orupabo, Julia & Ljunggren, Jørn (2020). Yrkesfag – en alternativ vei til integrering. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Orupabo, Julia; Ljunggren, Jørn ; Hansen, Marianne Nordli & Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2020). Den moderne arbeiderklassen. 1 Mai med Manifest Tankesmie. [Radio]. P2.
• Tica, Sabina & Ljunggren, Jørn (2019). The Workings of Racialization and Class in the Norwegian Field of Literature.
• Andersen, Patrick Lie & Ljunggren, Jørn (2019). Class Origin and Distrust among Adolescents.
• Ljunggren, Jørn & Flemmen, Magne (2019). Klassesamfunnet 2.0.
• Ljunggren, Jørn & Mangset, Marte (2019). Arbeiderklassen og blikket ovenfra Litterærer og sosiologiske perspektiver på sosial ulikhet i Norge i dag.
• Andersen, Patrick Lie & Ljunggren, Jørn (2019). Class differences in political mistrust and political behaviour among youth.
• Andersen, Patrick Lie & Ljunggren, Jørn (2019). Class Origin and Distrust among Adolescents: A cross-national comparison of distrust in 16 European countries.
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli & Flemmen, Magne (2019). – Fattige velger ikke å ha lite penger. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116. p. 3–3.
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli & Ljunggren, Jørn (2019). Elite: Ordet toppene ikke bruker om seg selv. [Newspaper]. Aftenposten.
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2019). I en klasse for seg. [Internet]. https://www.forskerforum.no/i-en-klasse-for-seg/.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2019). Å vokse opp i Oslo - ulikhetenes by.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2019). Når ulikhet følger geografiske skiller - tilfellet Oslo.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2019). Norge - et klassesamfunn?
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2019). Manglende sosial bærekraft?
• Andersen, Patrick Lie (2019). Political engagement and participation among youth. A cross-region comparison of the importance of social class origin in Europe. .
• Flemmen, Magne (2018). Politiske skillelinjer blant arbeidere.
• Flemmen, Magne (2018). What does inequality do to us? .
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2018). Utdanning til besvær – Hvilken rolle spiller skole og utdanning for de økonomiske forskjellene i befolkningen?
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2018). Klasseanalyse – brennaktuell eller uvitenskapelig og utdatert?
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli & Flemmen, Magne (2018). Agendakveld: Er Norge et klassesamfunn?
• Andersen, Patrick Lie (2018). Political behaviour among youth. The importance of Social Class Origin, Education and Social Context.
• Andersen, Patrick Lie & Ljunggren, Jørn (2018). Creating a Distrustful Working Class? Social Cohesion Among Adolescents in Oslo .
• Eide, Elisabeth; Figenschou, Tine Ustad & Nilsen, Ruth Einervoll (2018). Constructors and Carers in Norwegian Press Coverage 1996-2017.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2018). Å reise "hjem" - feltarbeid i et tidligere yrke.
• Ljunggren, Jørn (2018). Constructing a Working Class Body.
• Bennetzen, Johannes Emil & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2018). Hvem gjelder det? En klasseanalyse av låneopptak i Norge. Universitetet i Oslo.
• Ellingsen, Julie Hjelde & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2018). "Fordi jeg har muligheten". En kvalitativ studie om Oslo-ungdommens vei inn i videregående skole. Universitetet i Oslo.
• Uvaag, Stian Aleksander & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2018). The Class Trajectories of Skilled and Unskilled Workers. Universitetet i Oslo.

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