Arbeidsinnvandring til rurale regioner (GLARUS) (avsluttet)

• Andersson, Mette & Rye, Johan Fredrik (2023). Gray Racialization of White Immigrants: The Polish Worker in Norway. Nordic Journal of Migration Research. ISSN 1799-649X. 13(2). doi: 10.33134/njmr.475. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Slettebak, Marie Holm & Rye, Johan Fredrik (2022). Social (Im)mobility in Low-skilled and Low-wage Immigrant Niches. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies. ISSN 2245-0157. 12(4), s. 23–47. doi: 10.18291/njwls.132265. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fiałkowska, Kamila; Matuszczyk, Kamil & Szulecka, Monika (2022). Agricultural exceptionalism, migrant farmworkers and the pandemic – Evidence from Poland as a new immigrant destination country. Estudios Geograficos. ISSN 0014-1496. 83.
• O'Reilly, Karen & Scott, Sam (2022). 'Harvest work, migration, and the structured phenomenology of time'. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. ISSN 1369-183X. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2022.2116565.
• Scott, Sam; Jakobsen, Thomas Sætre; Rye, Johan Fredrik & Visser, M Anne (2022). Labour migration, precarious work and liminality. Work in the Global Economy. 2(1), s. 27–45. doi: 10.1332/273241721X16471891313746. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Liminality, as originally conceived by anthropologists, is a temporary ‘in-between’ state that acts as a bridge, connecting old roles to new roles, and resulting in a desired new state. The article applies this concept to precarious migrant work. We argue, specifically, that migrants in low-wage and insecure work occupy four main liminal realms following their cross-border mobility: the temporal, the financial, the social and the legal. We explore these four realms using qualitative interview evidence (36 interviews) from comparative research with migrant workers, migrant employers and community stakeholders in Norway and the UK. The article then reflects on the balance between liminality (as a positive, temporary and in-between state) and limbo (as a negative, long-term state). We argue that migrants doing precarious work avoid limbo, but at the same time do not experience liminality as originally conceived. Instead, they experience what we term ‘ambiguous liminality’: where precarious work is encountered as liminal, but where the exact mechanisms and pathways leading to a desired new state are multiple, uncertain and incremental. Liminality, however ambiguous, is a vital expression of migrant agency; but it also serves the interests of capital too: masking the negatives associated with precarious work and helping to underpin precarious migrants’ work ethic.

• Stachowski, Jakub & Bock, Bettina (2021). Unsettled settlement? Translocal social anchoring and patterns of (im)mobility among Polish families in rural Norway. Geoforum. ISSN 0016-7185. 126, s. 372–382. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.09.001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stachowski, Jakub & Rasmussen, Bente (2021). Når hjemme er borte og borte hjemme: fortellinger om lokalintegreringens komplekse dynamikk . I Gullikstad, Berit; Kristensen, Guro Korsnes & Sætermo, Turid Fånes (Red.), Fortellinger om integrering i norske lokalsamfunn. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215042954. s. 156–179. doi: DOI:%2010.18261/9788215042961-2021-07. Vis sammendrag

  Etter EU-utvidelsene i 2004 og 2007 kom arbeidsinnvandrere fra Øst- og Sentral-Europa til Norge og bosatte seg i norske distriktskommuner. Kapitlet utforsker integreringsprosessene i rurale områder basert på dybdeanalyse av migrasjonshistorien til en polsk familie bosatt i en kystkommune. Det viser hvordan «vellykket» integrering i lokalsamfunnet er et resultat av komplekse forhandlingsprosesser som foregår både lokalt og translokalt. Kapitlet illustrerer hvordan innvandreres tilknytning skapes gjennom en stabil posisjon på arbeidsmarkedet, meningsfulle sosiale relasjoner med lokale beboere og translokale familiepraksiser. Det å høre hjemme på stedet man kommer til, forutsetter engasjement både fra de som kommer, og de som allerede bor der, men også av innvandrernes evne til å opprettholde forbindelsene med familien i hjemlandet. Funnene viser at innvandreres engasjement i lokalsamfunnet er en sentral komponent i integreringen, viktigere enn deres etnisitet eller nasjonalitet.

• Stachowski, Jakub & Rasmussen, Bente (2021). From Valued Stayers to Working Hands? The Social Consequences of Changing Employment Relations Among Polish Migrants in Farmed Salmon Industry in Rural Norway. European Countryside. ISSN 1803-8417. 13(3). doi: 10.2478/euco-2021-0015. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  International migrant workers in European rural regions have supplied rural industries with necessary labour, stimulated the demography of host communities and raised questions about the inclusion of migrants. Using the case of Polish post-accession migrants employed in the farmed salmon industry in rural Norway, we explore the social consequences of changing employment relations in rural industries. By using a temporal perspective, we identify a transition from an inclusive employment regime experienced by the migrants who arrived in the locality within the first years after the EU enlargement in 2004, to an increasingly exploitative, insecure and competitive work environment for recently arrived migrants. We emphasise how employment conditions offered to different ‘waves’ of migrants affect the ways they perceive their status and value in rural hosting communities. Ultimately, we reflect on the potential long-term consequences of international migration to rural areas.

• Scott, Sam & Rye, Johan Fredrik (2021). Praised, prized, yet penalised: A critical examination of low-wage hiring queues in the global strawberry industry. Journal of Rural Studies. ISSN 0743-0167. 88, s. 473–481. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.04.014. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2021). De transnasjonale arbeiderne. I Ljunggren, Jørn & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (Red.), Arbeiderklassen. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202646240. s. 145–162.
• Stachowski, Jakub (2020). Processes of socio-spatial exposures and isolations among Polish labour migrants in rural Norway: Exploring social integration as a lived experience . European Urban and Regional Studies. ISSN 0969-7764. 27(4), s. 379–397. doi: 10.1177/0969776420930758. Vis sammendrag

  The recent significant inflow of international migrants into rural areas in Europe has raised questions about the integration of migrants into the rural host localities. Amidst the growing literature, there are, however, few comprehensive analyses of processes of migrants’ social integration. Drawing on the lived experience of Polish migrants in a rural area in Norway and applying the theoretical framework of social exposures, the article illustrates the important role of the migrants’ position on the local labour market, the socio-demographics of the receiving locality and the material and geographical properties of the area for the dynamics of their social integration. Findings show how migrants’ desires to engage in migrant/non-migrant relationships are challenged by the increasingly ethnically divided local labour market, amidst growing migration to the location and by the geographical structure of the locality. The changing and intersecting character of those domains fosters conditions that promote primarily social exposure of the migrants to their own co-ethnics, isolating them from the local community. At the same time, the study illustrates that mutual engagement of the migrants and the local inhabitants, as well as having children, play a significant role in diversifying migrants’ local social contacts.

• Stachowski, Jakub (2020). Positioning in ‘relational claustrophobia’- ethical reflections on researching small international migrant communities in rural areas . Journal of Rural Studies. ISSN 0743-0167. 78, s. 176–184. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.06.001.
• O'Reilly, Karen & Rye, Johan Fredrik (2020). The (re)production of the exploitative nature of rural migrant labour in Europe . I Rye, Johan Fredrik & O'Reilly, Karen (Red.), International Labour Migration to Europe’s Rural Regions. Routledge. ISSN 9781003022367. s. 228–245.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik & Scott, Sam (2020). Agricultural employers’ representation and rationalisation of their work offer . I Rye, Johan Fredrik & O'Reilly, Karen (Red.), International Labour Migration to Europe’s Rural Regions. Routledge. ISSN 9781003022367. s. 141–158.
• Stachowski, Jakub & Fialkowska, Kamila (2020). ‘Living on the edge’? A comparative study of processes of marginalisation among Polish migrants in rural Germany and Norway. I Rye, Johan Fredrik & O'Reilly, Karen (Red.), International Labour Migration to Europe’s Rural Regions. Routledge. ISSN 9781003022367. s. 105–120. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rye, Johan Fredrik & O'Reilly, Karen (2020). New perspectives on international labour migration to Europe’s rural regions . I Rye, Johan Fredrik & O'Reilly, Karen (Red.), International Labour Migration to Europe’s Rural Regions. Routledge. ISSN 9781003022367. s. 3–21. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Slettebak, Marie Holm (2020). Does international labour migration affect internal mobility in rural Norway? . I Rye, Johan Fredrik & O'Reilly, Karen (Red.), International Labour Migration to Europe’s Rural Regions. Routledge. ISSN 9781003022367. s. 175–192. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rye, Johan Fredrik & Slettebak, Marie Holm (2020). The new geography of labour migration: EU11 migrants in rural Norway. Journal of Rural Studies. ISSN 0743-0167. 75, s. 125–131. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.01.014. Vis sammendrag

  Historically, immigration to Western countries has been an urban phenomenon, but in recent decades, larger immigrant populations have also arrived in rural destinations. In this paper, we address the dynamics of inbound flows and geographical distribution of labour migrants within rural regions: While some rural localities have received large numbers of migrants, others have seen just a few. Specifically, we explore the case of Eastern and Central European labour migrants (EU11 countries) travelling to Norway's rural regions following the EU enlargements in 2004, 2007 and 2013. Which factors explain the spatial distribution of EU11 labour migrants in Norway's rural regions? We evaluate three assumptions in the extant literature – that labour migrant inflows are related to labour market characteristics, demographic profiles and localities' degree of peripherality. Norwegian register data at municipality levels are employed to estimate a regression model for how these characteristics impact sizes of EU11 labour migrant populations in rural municipalities. Finding show that EU11 migrants are found where the most labour-intensive rural industries dominate; industry-particularly fish processing industry, agriculture and the hospitality sector. Further, they reside in areas with higher unemployment and few refugees. Lastly, we find that the rural municipalities that struggles the most with depopulation has not received the relatively largest number of labour migrant, as EU11 migrants are more often found in the more demographically viable rural communities.

• Slettebak, Marie Holm (2020). Labour migration and increasing inequality in Norway. Acta Sociologica. ISSN 0001-6993. s. 1–17. doi: 10.1177/0001699320930261.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik & Scott, Sam (2018). International Labour Migration and Food Production in Rural Europe: A Review of the Evidence. Sociologia Ruralis. ISSN 0038-0199. 58(4), s. 928–952. doi: 10.1111/soru.12208. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rye, Johan Fredrik; Slettebak, Marie Holm & Bjørkhaug, Hilde (2018). Fra familie til nasjonal til global arbeidskraft. . European Countryside. ISSN 1803-8417. 10(4), s. 528–542. doi: 10.2478/euco-2018-0030. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Artikkelen analyserer de betydelige strukturelle endringene som fant sted i det norske hagebruket mellom 1999 og 2010. Produksjonsvolumet holdt seg stabilt gjennom perioden. Antallet hortikulturelle gårdsbruk ble samtidig redusert med 40,5 prosent, mens den gjennomsnittlige bruksstørrelsen økte tilsvarende. Vi analyser hvordan disse endringene kan knyttes til utviklingen av hagebrukets arbeidskraftstrategier i denne perioden, blant annet effektene av EU-utvidelsene i 2004 og 2007. Analysene bygger på Statistisk sentralbyrås Landbrukstellinger i 1999 (N = 5101 hagebruk) og i 2010 (N = 3036 hagebruk, 46624 gårdsbruk totalt). Resultatene viser at tilgangen på billig og fleksibel migrerende arbeidskraft fra de nye EU-landene kan knyttes til en stegvis proletarisering av arbeidskraften i det norske hagebruket; først blir familiearbeidskraft erstattes av innenlandske lønnsarbeidere, som deretter erstattes av utenlandske landbruksarbeidere.

• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2018). Transnational spaces of class: International migrants? multilocal, inconsistent and instable class positions. Current Sociology. ISSN 0011-3921. 67(1), s. 27–46. doi: 10.1177/0011392118793676. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The sociological study of class, whether Marxist, Weberian or Bourdieusian, has discussed class systems and individuals’ location in these systems within the framework of the nation-state and has largely ignored the presence of a growing population of international migrants in western societies. At the same time, the emerging literature on transnational migration has largely neglected the question of social class. This article argues that the simultaneous privileging of the nation-state and the neglect of social class by these research traditions, respectively, has been unfortunate. Working from a Bourdieusian class perspective, the article discusses how today’s enhanced international migration – whereby actors regularly cross national borders, physically and virtually, and live their everyday lives in multiple social spaces and class systems – produces class systems in which many actors hold multilocal, inconsistent and instable class identities. The discussion employs a mixed methods approach, drawing material from a community in Norway which includes a large population of Eastern European labour migrants recruited by the fish processing industry, to illustrate some key problems with Bourdieusian (and other) class theories’ use of methodological nationalism as an analytical framework and to suggest how transnational theories might better incorporate class perspectives in their analyses.

• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2017). Labour migrants and rural change: The “mobility transformation” of Hitra/Frøya, Norway, 2005–2015. Journal of Rural Studies. ISSN 0743-0167. 64, s. 189–199. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  After the 2004 and 2007 EU enlargements, large numbers of Eastern European labour migrants settled in rural destinations in Western Europe where they predominantly found low-skilled manual labour jobs in rural industries. These labour migrants differ from other types of rural migrants (e.g., domestic in- and out-migrants, lifestyle and amenity migrants, international refugees and asylum seekers) and represent distinct challenges and opportunities for the host rural communities—for example in terms of novel forms of social inequalities and cultural diversities. This paper discusses the dynamics of transnational labour mobilities and their consequences for rural Europe by investigating the case of the Hitra/Frøya community, until recently a traditionalist rural community in Mid-Norway. As a result of large-scale labour migration, over the last decade the region has developed into a genuine high-mobility, transnational rural community and is now characterised by its heterogeneous social fabric. From the local elites’ perspective, which seems to have hegemonic status in the region, the transformation is a successful, triple-win situation: The community at large develops a more sustainable economy and sees population growth and reduced social problems, the locals enjoy the boosted economy and its many benefits, and the in-migrants escape economic austerity in their homelands and are successfully integrated into their host communities. However, stories told by labour migrants provide important nuances to the narrative of success and suggest processes of social fragmentation, polarisation, and contestation. The paper demonstrates how contemporary forms of rural mobilities may confront the traditional structures of rural societies, generate novel social divides and multi-local identities and everyday practices. Methodologically, the paper employs a mixed-methods approach and analyses a variety of materials: statistical materials, public documents, interviews with key informants in the local rural community, and in-depth individual interviews and focus group sessions with migrants.

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• Rye, Johan Fredrik & O'Reilly, Karen (2020). International Labour Migration to Europe’s Rural Regions. Routledge. ISBN 9781003022367. 274 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Kjelaas, Irmelin; Gullikstad, Berit; Penner, Angelina; Sætermo, Turid Fånes & Stachowski, Jakub (2021). Boklansering: Fortellinger om integrering i norske lokalsamfunn. [Internett]. Litteraturhuset i Trondheim.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2021). Er det over og ut for den trønderske jordbæra? Innherred.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2021). Covid-19 and migrant workers in Norway’s agricultural industries.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2021). Migrant farm workers’ health, safety and working conditions .
• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2021). Intra-European labour migration and non-standard employment careers.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2021). Migrants at work: Precariousness, liminality and exploitative labour practices .
• Rye, Johan Fredrik & Slettebak, Marie Holm (2019). Varieties of integration. Local communities’ reception of labour migrants.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik & Scott, Sam (2019). ’Doing the right thing’: Agricultural employers’ rationalisation of their low-wage work opportunities for international labour migrant.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2019). International Labour Migration.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2019). Røtter eller føtter? Sosiologiske stedsperspektiver. .
• Stachowski, Jakub (2018). “Settling down in the countryside- Polish families in ‘New Immigrant Destinations’ in Norway”.
• Stachowski, Jakub & Rye, Johan Fredrik (2017). The transnational rural other – reconsidering the idea of otherness in rural studies.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik & Scott, Sam (2017). International labour migration to/in rural Europe: a review of the evidence.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2017). Recognizing changed migration patterns.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik & Scott, Sam (2017). International labour migration to/in rural Europe.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik & Scott, Sam (2017). International labour migration to/in rural Europe: a review of the evidence.
• Rye, Johan Fredrik (2022). Labour migration to rural Norway. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet.
• Stachowski, Jakub (2021). To be or to belong? Processes of (g)localised integration among Polish migrants in rural Norway. NTNU. ISSN 2703-8084.

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