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The LINEUP Study

How do children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders function as young adults?

LINEUP Group

LINEUP. Behind f.l. Elisabeth Øverland, Stian Orm, Eldri Kjørren, Ingrid N Fossum. Front f.l.: Kjell Tore Hovik, Per Normann Andersen, Merete G Øie, Erik W Skogli

The research project is a 10-year follow-up study of children and adolescents with ADHD, Autism and Tourette’s syndrome: The Lillehammer Neurodevelopmental Follow-Up study (LINEUP)

About the project

LINEUP is a 10-year follow-up study of a large group of children with ADHD, Autism or Tourette's syndrome, who participated in the research project "Emotional and cognitive development in children and young people with neuropsychiatric disorders" at Innlandet Hospital in 2009.

In this longitudinal study, we have been investigating the cognitive development, mental health and daily functioning of these participants (average age of 12 years at T1), who have now become young adults. A particular focus has been on the association between clinical symptoms, cognitive development and the ability to function independently in young adulthood.

Objectives

The main aim of the LINEUP study is to better understand the factors that are central in the cognitive development, mental health and daily functioning of persons with ADHD, Autism or Tourette's syndrome from childhood to adulthood.

Outcomes

As of September 2023, 25 articles from the overall project have been published. See publication list.

There are three completed PhDs from the projects and five ongoing PhD projects.

Background

Previous studies have shown that children with ADHD, Autism and Tourette’s syndrome (neurodevelopmental disorders) as a group have an impaired ability to regulate their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours. The ability to self-regulate, also referred to as executive functioning, is considered to be a core difficulty in these children. Work by our research has shown that executive function difficulties persist in this vulnerable group from childhood into adolescence, even though the general symptom picture and comorbid disorder pressure improved.

Previous studies also indicate that impaired executive functioning in children and young people with neurodevelopmental disorders persists into adulthood. As executive dysfunction is associated with problems at school, work and in social contexts, this is an important field of research with a view to providing better treatment alternatives for those who have these difficulties. Individually adapted treatments tailored to this group's varying levels of executive functioning will be crucial for preventing psychopathology, strengthening daily independence, and increasing their general quality of life.

The study has investigated cognitive development, mental health, daily functioning and quality of life in the participants with ADHD (n=85), Autism (n=38) and Tourette's syndrome (n=19) and a typically developed comparison group (n=50), and who have now become young adults. All participants were recruited from seven Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Outpatient Clinics (BUPs) in Innlandet Hospital Trust in 2009. The participants were retested two years later and 10 years later with similar test batteries and symptom questionnaires.

Sub-projects

  1. Lillehammer neurodevelopment follow-up study: a 10-year follow-up of children and adolescents with Autism spectrum disorders (LINEUP-ASD) Ph.D candidate Ingrid Nesdal Fossum

  2. Lillehammer neurodevelopmental study: a 10-year follow-up of children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (LINEUP-ADHD) Ph.D candidate Stian Orm

  3. Lillehammer neurodevelopmental study: transdiagnostic symptom clusters (LINEUP-COSCAN) PhD  candidate Eldri Kjørren

  4. Life with autism: Quality of life, daily functioning and compensatory strategies from childhood to young adult (LINEUP-ASD-QP) Ph.D  candidate Elisabeth Øverland

  5. Life with ADHD: Coping, resilience and symptom development from childhood to young adult (LINEUP-ADHD-QP) Ph.D Mira Elise Glaser Holthe/associate professor Cecilie Dangmann

Financing

The LINEUP study is funded by Innlandet Hospital Trust, Health South-East, the National Competence Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias at Oslo University Hospital (NevSom), and the Department of Psychology, University of Oslo.

Cooperation

Professor Geurts at the University of Amsterdam; Professor Teicher of Harvard Medical School; Professor Goldberg of the New York University School of Medicine, Professor Liz Pellicano of University College London, and Australian Research Council Future Fellow.

Methods

All participants have been examined with similar clinical examination at T1, T2 and T3. The methods involve clinical interviews, questionnaires, neuropsychological measures, and assessments of symptom load, mental health status, social functioning and quality of life.

Participants

This research project was started by Professor Merete Glenne Øie, who was the project manager when all data was collected at baseline in 2009 and after two years. The LINEUP project is now led by psychologist specialist/Associate Professor Erik Winther Skogli at Innlandet Hospital in collaboration with the University of Oslo and Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences.

  1. Erik Winther Skogli, postdoctoral fellow, Innlandet Hospital and Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences

  2. Merete Glenne Øie, Professor, University of Oslo (UiO), Department of Psychology and Research Advisor, Innlandet Hospital

  3. Per Normann Andersen, Professor, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences

  4. Kjell Tore Hovik, Associate Professor, Innlandet Hospital and Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences

  5. Ingrid Nesdal Fossum, PhD candidate at the Department of Psychology, UiO, and Innlandet Hospital

  6. Stian Orm, PhD candidate at the Department of Psychology, UiO, Innlandet and Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences

  7. Elisabeth Øverland, Ph.D candidate, Innlandet Hospital and Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences

  8. Eldri Kjørren, PhD candidate at the Department of Psychology, UiO, and Innlandet Hospital

  9. Mira Glaser Holthe, Ph.D, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences

  10. Åshild Lappegård Hauge, Professor, UiO, Department of Psychology

  11. Krister Fjermestad, Professor, Department of Psychology, UiO

Selected publications

Andersen, P.N., Orm, S., Fossum, I. N., Øie, M. G., Skogli, E W. (2023) Adolescent Internalizing Problems as a Mediator Between Autism Diagnosis in Childhood and Quality of Life in Emerging Adults with and without Autism. A 10-year longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry 2023

Fossum, I.N., Orm, S., Øie, M.G., Geurts, H.M., Andersen, P.N., Skogli, E. W. (2023). Childhood executive function predicts internalizing and externalizing symptoms in emerging adults with and without autism: A 10-year longitudinal study. Developmental Neuropsychology. ISSN 8756-5641.

Orm, S., Øie, M. G., Fossum, I.F., Fjermestad, K., Andersen, P.N., & Skogli, E.W. (2023). Predictors of quality of life and functional impairments in emerging adults with and without ADHD: A 10-year longitudinal study.  Journal of Attention Disorders, 27(5), 458–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547231153962

Øverland E, Hauge ÅL, Orm S, Pellicano E, Øie MG, Skogli EW and Andersen PN (2022) Exploring life with autism: Quality of Life, daily functioning and compensatory strategies from childhood to emerging adulthood: A qualitative study protocol. Frontiers in Psychiatry 13:1058601. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1058601

Skogli EW, Orm S, Fossum IN, Andersen PN, Øie MG. (2022) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence from childhood into young adult age: a 10-year longitudinal study. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 27(6), 447-457. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2123735. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2123735

Orm, S., Andersen, P. N., Fossum, I. N., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2022a). Brief report: Autism spectrum disorder diagnostic persistence in a 10-year longitudinal study. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 97, 102007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102007

Orm, S., Andersen, P. N., Teicher, M. H., Fossum, I. N., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2023). Childhood executive functions and ADHD symptoms predict psychopathology symptoms in emerging adults with and without ADHD: A 10-year longitudinal study. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 51(2), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-00957-7

Orm, S., Pollak, Y., Fossum, I. N., Andersen, P. N., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2022c). Decision-making and Risky Behavior in Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A 10-year Longitudinal Study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 0(0), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2022.2082430

Fossum, I. N., Andersen, P. N., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2021). Development of executive functioning from childhood to young adulthood in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A 10-year longitudinal study. Neuropsychology, 35(8), 809.  doi:10.1037/neu0000768. APA PsycNet FullTextHTML page

Orm, S., Øie, M. G., Fossum, I. N., Andersen, P. N., & Skogli, E. W. (2021). Declining Trajectories of Co-occurring Psychopathology Symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(1774). doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724759

Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., Orm, S., Hovik, K. T., & Oie, M. (2022). Executive functioning in everyday life in youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A two-year longitudinal study. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2022.2095360

Øie, M. G., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., Skogli, E. W., & Rund, B. R. (2020). Similar impairments shown on a  neuropsychological test battery in adolescents with high-functioning autism and early onset schizophrenia: a two-year follow-up study. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 1-16. doi:10.1080/13546805.2020.1713736

Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., Skogli, E. W., Egeland, J., & Oie, M. (2013). Symptoms of ADHD in children with high-functioning autism are related to impaired verbal working memory and verbal delayed recall. PLoS One, 8(5), e64842. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064842

Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., Skogli, E. W., & Oie, M. G. (2017). Severity of Autism Symptoms and Degree of Attentional Difficulties Predicts Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children with High-Functioning Autism; a Two-Year Follow-up Study. Front Psychol, 8, 2004. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02004

Andersen, P. N., Skogli, E. W., Hovik, K. T., Egeland, J., & Oie, M. (2015). Associations Among Symptoms of Autism, Symptoms of Depression and Executive Functions in Children with High-Functioning Autism: A 2 Year Follow-Up Study. J Autism Dev Disord, 45(8), 2497-2507. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2415-8

Andersen, P. N., Skogli, E. W., Hovik, K. T., Geurts, H., Egeland, J., & Oie, M. (2015). Working memory arrest in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a 2-year longitudinal study. Autism, 19(4), 443-450. doi:10.1177/1362361314524844

Andersen, P. N., Skogli, E. W., Hovik, K. T., & Øie, M. (2016). Utvikling av eksekutive funksjoner over to år hos barn og unge med høytfungerende autisme eller ADHD. Nevropsykologi, 2, 4-13.

Hovik, K. T., Egeland, J., Isquith, P. K., Gioia, G., Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., & Oie, M. (2017). Distinct Patterns of Everyday Executive Function Problems Distinguish Children With Tourette Syndrome From Children With ADHD or Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Atten Disord, 21(10), 811-823. doi:10.1177/1087054714550336

Hovik, K. T., Plessen, K. J., Cavanna, A. E., Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., & Oie, M. (2015). Cognition, Emotion and Behavior in Children with Tourette's Syndrome and Children with ADHD-Combined Subtype-A Two-Year Follow-Up Study. PLoS One, 10(12), e0144874. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144874

Hovik, K. T., Plessen, K. J., Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., & Oie, M. (2013). Dissociable Response Inhibition in Children With Tourette's Syndrome Compared With Children With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. doi:10.1177/1087054713512371

Øie, M., Hovik, K. T., Andersen, P. N., Czajkowski, N. O., & Skogli, E. W. (2018). Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Changes in ADHD Symptoms, Executive Functions, and Self- and Parent-Report Depression Symptoms in Boys and Girls With ADHD: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study. J Atten Disord., 22(5), s 446- 459. doi:10.1177/1087054716664407

Øie, M., Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., & Hugdahl, K. (2014). Differences in cognitive control in children and adolescents with combined and inattentive subtypes of ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 20(1), 38-48. doi:10.1080/09297049.2012.741224

Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., & Oie, M. (2014). Development of Hot and Cold Executive Function in Boys and Girls With ADHD: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study. Journal of Attention Disorders. doi:10.1177/1087054714524984

Skogli, E. W., Egeland, J., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., & Oie, M. (2014). Few differences in hot and cold executive functions in children and adolescents with combined and inattentive subtypes of ADHD. Child Neuropsychol, 20(2), 162-181. doi:10.1080/09297049.2012.753998

Skogli, E. W., Teicher, M. H., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., & Oie, M. (2013). ADHD in girls and boys -- gender differences in co-existing symptoms and executive function measures. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 298. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-298

Published Oct. 9, 2023 4:26 PM - Last modified Mar. 11, 2024 3:30 PM

Contact

Merete Glenne Øie

Participants

Detailed list of participants

Project manager LINEUP Erik Winther Skogli, E-mail: erik.winther.skogli@sykehuset-innlandet.no