Karin Fossheim

• Fossheim, Karin & Lund-Tønnesen, Jonas (2023). Digitalization of public sector organizations over time: The applicability of quantitative text analysis. International Review of Administrative Sciences. ISSN 0020-8523. 90(2), s. 318–335. doi: 10.1177/00208523231183569.
• Fossheim, Karin & Vollaard, Hans (2022). Determining the Democratic Quality of Non-Electoral Representation in Local State–Society Networks, Perspectives on Local Governance Across Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN 9783031150005. s. 63–84. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-15000-5_4. Vis sammendrag

  Electoral democracy and direct participation at the local level suffer from inequality: certain voices are more often heard than others. Moreover, static references to local councilors’ election once may not suffice to legitimize representative claims. However, the non-electoral representation may redress these problems. It involves both elected and non-elected actors claiming to represent a group of people or cause on a variety of grounds, such as expertise and shared experiences. Thus, representatives and constituencies are created in a dynamic process of representation. A challenge to non-electoral representation is, however, its democratic quality. In particular, non-elected makers of representative claims cannot rely on elections for their authorization and accountability. The analysis shows that a large share of non-elected representatives in local state-society networks across Europe indicate that their proclaimed constituencies agree with their positions, while they feel obliged to give account to the ones they represent. They also inform the latter through personal contacts and in general meetings. The analysis also suggests that network characteristics better explain the democratic quality of non-electoral representation than factors at the level of society at large or individual network members. The extensive use of non-electoral mechanisms of authorization and accountability is a hopeful sign that non-electoral representation can reinvigorate local democracy, even more so because networks can be more easily changed than the society at large or individual network members.

• Fossheim, Karin & Andersen, Jardar (2022). The consequences of institutional design on collaborative arrangements’ power to influence urban freight policymaking. Case Studies on Transport Policy. ISSN 2213-624X. 10(2), s. 1325–1331. doi: 10.1016/j.cstp.2022.04.017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Collaborative governance is becoming increasingly important as a mode of urban freight policymaking. Bringing together actors from private and public sectors in forums makes it possible to move beyond general discussions of delivery challenges to the innovation of joint solutions and lasting improvements to the freight transport system. For such cross-sector collaborations to function, participants must experience a sense of power to influence policy. The institutional design, i.e., the inclusiveness of the collaboration and the interdependence between the participants, may condition this possibility. Consequently, this article investigates how the institutional design of collaborative arrangements associated with urban freight affects participants’ perceptions of power to influence policymaking. We interviewed 37 participants in three different collaborations in Oslo, Norway. The results indicate that institutional design affects participants’ perceptions of power to influence policymaking. Inclusive collaborations, in which participants are not interdependent, provide participants with the most power to influence policy, rather than exclusive collaborations, in which participants are highly interdependent.

• Fossheim, Karin (2022). How can non-elected representatives secure democratic representation? Policy & Politics. ISSN 0305-5736. 50(2), s. 243–260. doi: 10.1332/030557321x16371011677734. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Research on the democratic legitimacy of non-elected actors influencing policy while acting as representatives is often lacking in governance literature, despite being increasingly relevant worldwide. Recent theories of representation argue that there are non-electoral mechanisms to appoint such non-elected representatives and hold them responsible for their actions. Consequently, democratic non-electoral representation can be achieved. Through empirical analysis, this article explores democratic non-electoral representation in governance networks by comparing how non-elected representatives, their constituents and the decision-making audience understand the outcome of representation to benefit the constituency, authorisation and accountability. The research findings conclude that all three groups mostly share the understanding of democratic non-electoral representation as ongoing interactions between representatives and constituents, multiple (if any) organisational and discursive sources of authorisation and deliberative aspects of accountability. All of these are non-electoral mechanisms that secure democratic representation. These findings make an important contribution to the literature on non-electoral representation in policymaking.

• Fossheim, Karin (2021). The Responsibility of an Audience: Assessing the Legitimacy of Non-elected Representatives in Governance Networks. Representation. ISSN 0034-4893. s. 1–17. doi: 10.1080/00344893.2021.1933150. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Non-elected actors in governance networks are legitimate representatives when the constituency accepts their claims of representation. However, not all constituents have the resources to approve or oppose this representation. Consequently, I argue that the audience, often the decision-making authority, which enables non-elected actors to act as representatives has a responsibility to consider their legitimacy. Drawing on seven business and urban development networks in Norway, this article explores how the decision-making authority considers credibility, qualifications and connectedness to legitimise non-elected representatives in governance networks. Through interviews with civil servants and politicians organising and participating in the network, relevant documents and observations, this article demonstrates that the decision-making authority legitimises non-elected representatives based on credibility and qualifications rather than connectedness with the constituency. The decision-making authority believes that claims grounded in specialist expertise, self-representation and shared experiences with the constituency legitimise non-elected representatives. Similarly, truthful representatives are considered legitimate. Finally, the decision-making authority is divided with regards to how the interactive process between the non-elected representative and the constituency legitimises the content of the representation.

• Bjørgen, Astrid ; Fossheim, Karin & Macharis, Cathy (2021). How to build stakeholder participation in collaborative urban freight planning. Cities: The International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning. ISSN 0264-2751. 112(Mai), s. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103149. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Although freight issues are often the subject of controversy within urban communities, urban freight stake-holders rarely participate in local planning processes. This paper studies how different criteria to ensure actor participation in collaborative processes are practised in urban freight planning in seven Norwegian cities. The authors link different criteria of actor participation to Arnstein’s “ladder of citizen participation”, and study if the collaborative urban freight arenas provide participants with enough power to affect the outcome of improved planning process for urban freight. Participatory observation of collaborative arenas in Norwegian cities, com-bined with interviews with participating actors, revealed that knowledge and consensus building allowed stakeholders to reach the fifth step on the ladder of participation. The findings suggest that city characteristics influenced what criteria were most important. One important finding was the need to introduce a tenth criterion ‘political and planning anchorage’, which seemed particularly important for private stakeholders’ participation in collaborative processes. This finding may be of value to local authorities striving to enhance stakeholder participation and include both private and public stakeholder concerns in urban freight planning.

• Fossheim, Karin (2020). Local State-Society Relations in Norway. I Teles, Filipe; Gendzwill, Adam; Stanus, Cristina & Heinelt, Hubert (Red.), Close Ties in European Local Governance : Linking Local State and Society. Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN 978-3-030-44794-6. s. 275–288. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-44794-6_19. Vis sammendrag

  The Norwegian local state-society networks considered, selected on the basis that they occur in most municipalities, are (1) council for the elderly and council for people with disabilities, (2) young people’s parliament and youth council, (3) economic development committee, (4) committee for voluntary organizations and (5) sub-municipal bodies. Councils for the elderly and councils for people with disabilities are delegated networks. Both young people’s parliaments and youth councils and committees for voluntary organizations are communicative networks mainly engaged in knowledge sharing. Economic development committees are characterized as strong consociational networks, while sub-municipal bodies are collaborative networks. Overall, the relation between civil society and local authorities in Norway is varied, and the functions of the networks are mostly advisory, but formalized within the political system.

• Ørving, Tale & Fossheim, Karin (2019). 11 - Public sector facilitation of cargo bike operations to improve city logistics. I Coppola, Pierluigi & Esztergár-Kiss, Domokos (Red.), Autonomous Vehicles and Future Mobility. Elsevier. ISSN 9780128176962. s. 141–154. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-817696-2.00011-1. Vis sammendrag

  This evaluation builds on a case study in Oslo, Norway, and provides important knowledge to authorities on how to facilitate use of cargo bikes in the Norwegian urban freight market. The findings indicate that providing a suitable location in the city center for urban logistics activities, in this case a micro depot, required substantial effort from local authorities. The chapter concludes that to attract other actors to initiate commercial use of cargo bikes public authorities should make this process easier to complete, either by (1) defining space in land-use plans for logistics activities, (2) setting aside existing locations for this usage, or (3) by developing a centrally located multi-user terminal. Overall, the Oslo case shows that a public-private partnership was fruitful in initiating testing of new sustainable ways of performing goods delivery in Oslo.

• Fossheim, Karin & Andersen, Jardar (2017). Plan for sustainable urban logistics – comparing between Scandinavian and UK practices. European Transport Research Review. ISSN 1867-0717. 9(52). doi: 10.1007/s12544-017-0270-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction Common practices in current urban logistics planning in Scandinavia and the UK, and the degree to which SUTP (Sustainable Urban Transport Plan), SUMP (Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans) and SULP (Sustainable Urban Logistics Plans) guidelines are used, are examined in this paper. Methods A systematic literature review identifies relevant studies based on predefined inclusion criteria: mobility, freight, urban, plan. Results It is found that urban freight plans are used more frequently in the UK than in the Scandinavian countries. SULPs (freight strategies, action plans or parts of a mobility plan) follow a structure that identifies the current situation and defines the strategic context, vision, targets and objectives using selected policy measures, measures that are dependent on geographical scope. Conclusions Urban freight plans are designed with a sustainability perspective to define visions and policy measures for urban freight. SUTP, SUMP and SULP methodologies are used in existing Scandinavian and UK urban freight plans, especially when a collaborative planning approach is being practiced. The emphasis on urban freight is challenged by the regional perspective. Integrating urban freight in general planning procedures or transport planning is important. Government guidance and sustainable strategies can provide a planning methodology and, therefore, based on national guidelines further European structural standardisation could be beneficial. Identification of freight plans is crucial if the contributions they make are to be determined.

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• Bjørgen, Astrid ; Fossheim, Karin & Macharis, Cathy (2018). Criteria for successful stakeholder participation in collaborative urban mobility planning.
• Fossheim, Karin (2023). Democratic Representation Without Elections? Understanding Non-Elected Representatives in Governance Networks. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 1504-3991.
• Fossheim, Karin; Knapskog, Marianne & Jordbakke, Guri N. (2021). Kommunale innkjøp: Et virkemiddel for å fremme bærekraftig bylogistikk. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-1791-2. Vis sammendrag

  Kommunale innkjøp blir i økende grad benyttet som et virkemiddel for å fremme bærekraftig bylogistikk. Gjennom sin markedsmakt som innkjøper kan kommunen etterspørre klima- og miljøvennlige varer og tjenester fra næringslivet. I tillegg kan de etterspørre innovative bylogistikkløsninger som er mer effektive enn de vi har i dag. Grønne anskaffelser kan øke etterspørselen etter lav- og nullutslippskjøretøy. Innovative anskaffelser kan åpne opp for nye, mer effektive samordnede leverings- og innkjøpsløsninger. Det finnes også et effektiviseringspotensial i intern samordning av innkjøp gjennom koordinerte bestillingsrutiner i norske kommuner. Oslo kommune har jobbet mye med lav- og nullutslippsteknologi, mens effektivisering ved samordning av leveranser og innkjøp er utprøvd i Ystad, Tomelilla og Simrishamn kommuner i Sverige.

• Jensen, Sidsel Ahlmann; Fossheim, Karin & Eidhammer, Olav (2020). Bærekraftig bylogistikk: Veileder for kommuner. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-1280-1. Vis sammendrag

  Denne rapporten er en veileder for norske bykommuner i arbeidet for å få en velfungerende og klima- og miljøvennlig bylogistikk. Dette er første versjon av en veileder for bylogistikkplanlegging i Norge. Bylogistikk - transport av varer, utstyr og avfall - er viktig for utviklingen av levende og bærekraftige byer. Dette har hittil vært viet lite oppmerksomhet i planlegging og politikkutforming i norske kommuner. Det er behov for å integrere bylogistikk i kommunale planer og strategier, sikre koordinering på tvers av sektorer internt i kommunen og styrke medvirkning med næringslivsaktører. Bylogistikk må sees i sammenheng med andre trafikantgrupper og brukere av byrom. Veilederen beskriver sentrale utfordringer, utviklingstrekk, varekjeder og aktørgrupper innen bylogistikk, og fremgangsmåter til hvordan kommuner kan bidra til en mer bærekraftig bylogistikk. Dette omfatter virkemidler som kommuneplanens samfunnsdel, bylogistikkplan, arealplanlegging, medvirkning med næringslivsaktører, situasjonsanalyse, innkjøp av varer og tjenester, samt vintervedlikehold. I tillegg beskrives eksempler på tiltak som bylogistikkdepot, samleterminal og ladeinfrastruktur.

• Jensen, Sidsel Ahlmann; Wesenberg, Grunde Haraldsson & Fossheim, Karin (2020). Barrierer og drivere for etablering av samleterminaler – erfaringer fra Stavanger og Drammen. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-2328-9. Vis sammendrag

  Fra en rekke forsøk med samleterminaler i europeiske byer rapporteres det om reduksjoner i kjørte km, antall turer, utslipp, støy og arealbeslag. I Norge har blant annet Stavanger og Drammen gjort forsøk på å etablere samleterminaler, uten å lykkes. Det er identifisert en rekke faktorer som påvirker etablering som handler om usikkerhet angående lønnsomhet, effekter på byliv og utslipp, og kommunale roller og virkemiddelbruk. I tillegg ser det ut til at felles problemforståelse, felles hensikt og mål, tilgang til relevant kompetanse og kunnskap, samt forutsigbar og jevn ressurstilgang, vil bidra til å fremme etableringen av samleterminaler.

• Fossheim, Karin; Caspersen, Elise; Bjørgen, Astrid; Karlsson, Hampus & Eidhammer, Olav (2019). Hva trenger norske byer for å starte planlegging for bylogistikk? Erfaringer fra Bodø, Drammen, Oslo, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim og Tromsø. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-2208-4. Vis sammendrag

  Denne rapporten diskuterer aktiv medvirkning fra bylogistikkaktører i planprosessen samt tilstrekkelig tilgang til data og informasjon om vare- og servicetransporter som et viktig grunnlag for å kunne utforme en helhetlig bylogistikkplan. Når kommunene har dette grunnlaget på plass kan selve planen inneholde et utvalg av alternative tiltak for å løse utfordringer man står ovenfor i bylogistikk, identifisert i rapporten. Erfaringene presentert her er hentet fra verksteder gjennomført i syv norske byer og et seminar om kommunenes databehov ved planlegging for varetransport i by i tidsperioden 2017-2018.

• Ørving, Tale; Fossheim, Karin; Weber, Christian & Andersen, Jardar (2018). Evaluering av oppstartsperioden for varelevering med lastesykkel - et pilotprosjekt i Oslo. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-2120-9. Vis sammendrag

  Målet med evalueringen har vært å identifisere og dokumentere viktige erfaringer rundt oppstarten av varelevering med elektrisk lastesykkel i Oslo sentrum. I tillegg bidrar evalueringen med kunnskap om hvordan offentlig sektor kan tilrettelegge for bruk av lastesykler i urban varetransport. Resultatene indikerer at det for DHL Express i oppstartsperioden har vært vanskelig å oppnå målsetningen om gjennomsnittlig 90 stopp per dag med 2-3 lastesykler i drift. Hovedårsakene er utforming av lastesykkelen og rekruttering av syklister. I tillegg har det vært utfordrende å finne et egnet areal til logistikkaktiviteter i sentrum, i dette tilfellet et mikrodepot til omlasting.

• Hagen, Oddrun Helen; Tønnesen, Anders & Fossheim, Karin (2017). Bilfrie sentrumsløsninger i tre nordiske byer. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-1871-1. Vis sammendrag

  Bilfritt sentrum er høyt oppe på den politiske agendaen i mange norske byer og i en rekke europeiske land. Nye virkemiddel tas i bruk og i mange tilfeller planlegges det betydelige økninger i byenes bilfrie sentrumsareal. I rapporten beskrives bilfrie sentrumsområder i Helsinki, Stockholm og København. De bilfrie områdene er av ulik størrelse og har ulik regulering. Det er tillatt for varelevering innenfor gitte tidspunkt i alle de tre bilfrie områdene. I Helsinki er i tillegg deler av vareleveringen flyttet under bakken. I både København og Stockholm er det leveringspunkt for omlastning som avlaster det bilfrie området. Alle byene planlegger ytterligere løsninger der fotgjengere prioriteres.

• Fossheim, Karin; Andersen, Jardar; Eidhammer, Olav & Bjørgen, Astrid (2017). Faglig grunnlag for bylogistikkplaner i Norge - NORSULP Leveranse 3.1. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-2082-0. Vis sammendrag

  I denne rapporten har vi samlet relevant informasjon og kilder for bylogistikk. Den er tenkt å fungere som et faglig grunnlag for planlegging for varelevering i by, bylogistikkplaner og formulering og implementering av virkemidler og/eller tiltak rettet mot bylogistikk. Vi oppsummerer hva bylogistikk omfatter av transporter, definerer tilgjengelige virkemidler og presenterer eksisterende datakilder og indikatorer. Videre kartlegges hvordan bylogistikk forankres i norsk planverk og hvilke føringer dette legger på planlegging. Samarbeid og medvirkning trekkes frem som sentralt for å kunne bedre forholdene for varelevering i byer. I rapporten inkluderes eksempler på hva som er status i de norske byene involvert i prosjektet. I tilfellene der norske byer mangler praksis inkluderes utenlandske erfaringer.

• Fossheim, Karin & Andersen, Jardar (2016). Planning for Sustainable Urban Logistics in Europe – a Review. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-1736-3. Vis sammendrag

  This study aim to identify current European Sustainable Urban Logistics Plans (SULP) and freight related Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMP) with the purpose of reviewing and extracting lessons for future freight planning practices in Europe. The results suggest that the use of urban freight plans, in Europe is limited but increasing. SULP’s are freight strategies, action plans or part of a mobility plan, which provide a long-term vision for local urban freight activities. The plans follow a structure of identifying the current situation and defining the strategic context, vision, targets and objectives using selected policy measures depending on the geographical scope. The methodological structure of the SUTP, SUMP and SULP are used in existing European urban freight plans and a further standardisation could provide a conceptually common understanding. Combining urban freight and existing sustainable development strategies and legally binding local, regional and national guidelines are important for further increased attention on urban freight.

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